is back. I waited anxiously, and many expect it, like good well chosen to follow the advances. But he, Hank Moody, did not have it done to stay hidden until 2011 and then the previews of the series are already online since yesterday.
But what is the mechanism that attracts so much in Californication? Several times I asked myself this question, I have not yet found a partial solution. Made out of the crowd of horny watching the series only for the constant sex scenes (of course the critical negative series accuse all those who enjoy being part of this part of the public), I think there are many types of audiences attracted by large product quality:
- First of all, the whole structure of the plot, one must mention the great depth of the characters and the amount of detail that make them so attractive. To the authors' own admission, in some interview, Hank's character is modeled on the basis of Bukowski, updated and adapted to the context ... I'd say definitely an asset. The move to place a person considered a "winning", which is usually considered a successful man in life (successful writer, charming, educated but also the typical "asshole") and decadent in a difficult situation, creating scenarios in full contrast with those classics of the '80s and '90s, in which the "beautiful curse" could always get the best out of life "without ever asking" a revolution that reminds me a little 'operation that made Marvel with Spider -man & co. introducing superheroes with superproblemi landscape in which only provided comic heroes who had everything and that everything was always good.
- Dialogues fantastic, obviously a result of good people, they offer continuous smiles and laughter and food for thought. These fish are from the real thing that can not be ignored, that the stereotypes of the collective imagination, which creates the aura of Hollywood that looks fantastic and the set down on the audience (because people like to see ) ... and certainly not by chance that everything is set right in Los Angles, California.
-photography is also very strong, able to complete the sensations described above with the visual impact particular: you wider in a climate of Los Angeles who knows the beach in late September, when there is still a very pleasant temperature, but it warns tourists of the passage and not the presence.
-Last but not least David Duchovny and the cast in general. He is Hank Moody and acts in such a way that we can not imagine anyone else on the character actor. His mark on the series is so strong that it managed to shake the heavy character Molder off ... and not cheap. Duchovny also ended up directing some episodes of the series and now tell me if the camera behind you imagine in civilian clothes or in the role of Hank Moody.
PS The soundtrack is a blast! The music has an important component for Hank and for the entire series! Parts that pass are the icing on the cake.
blog will be a newborn, will be trivial and maybe even a little 'empty of meaning making wishes at impersonal, but who am I to escape this habit? I can only wish you (and me, excuse me if I would like) a good Christmas day when all is said to be more good (as it is very relative), now almost totally devoid of its Christian meaning. Christmas is now much more a cultural than religious, this should not necessarily be a bad thing: If the mere fact that there is a day of celebration may give a smile and a few more moments of joy to people who are believers, but no, I do not see why we should say that the transformation of meaning of Christmas is a bad thing. Of course we must not make the transformation of the meaning of this festival is only in one direction consumer ... I think I need to add more.
But again, Merry Christmas (and Happy Holidays) to all of you who read this post. Even those who will not do, but you more.
In the mill I want the bags of cookies and various products should be recyclable, fuck! Do you think it possible that a company that aims to give a self clean, healthy, traditional and natural family could ever afford to sell its products in pouches can not be recycled? To me these things are not so insignificant ... least had the good sense to write "not yet recyclable."
(sorry for the bad quality of the picture but I used the phone)
HERE is a piece on the interesting graphic design carried out by Antrepo . The bottom line is that at present, minimizes the graphics products now well established in the market could bring positive effects. Hence the opportunity for reflection: wear out our "works", making them easier and be able to reveal the essential features that characterize a quality that is slowly being lost. Mind you, I am referring not only to design, composition and other things having to do with the graphics, but also to build the environments around us, our "style" living the life or another. In general I think we should pay much attention to the ability to identify what is most important, build the rest on, and by eliminating or putting in any case, a whole series of ancillary things that may only encumbered the eye as well as the mind. It is certainly not an easy thing, but it seems worth trying. In conclusion I must mention the works by Olly Moss, fantastic illustrator and author of numerous posters of famous movies in the most minimalist style. I invite you to take a look at all your site , emblem of minimalism.
What could be better, on Saturday evening, falling asleep in the back seat (the heat) of a car that takes you home after drinking and eating a free ride all night? Every now and then, being pampered, pampering is a pleasure that brings you back to a past of a child brought to bed Having rejoiced in her arms and wandered throughout the day.
It is not the first time he launches a blog, nor the first time that I do so with serious intent (which is still serious in the sense that it is not clear). Here I would like to express my strong oxymorons, the various expressions of my not-being-something and maybe even find a tool in which to channel my stream of counsciousness. Riempitomi the mouth of big words, maybe even pretentious (ops..) Manifesto also my prediction of "cybernetic solitude": They do not think that someone claiming to be able to include in these reflections and ravings! I confess, I did everything just to lose a whole day to create this stuff, black, yellow and orange around here. Greetings to those who pass by chance!
this dirty thing that we insist on calling democracy
"Often we have printed the word Democracy. But I do not tire of repeating that one word is the real meaning of which is still dormant, not yet awake, despite the resonance of many furious storms which are originated from its syllables, from pens or languages. It is a great word, whose history, I suppose, has not yet been written, because that story has yet to be implemented. "
This phrase is Walt Whitman, and dates back almost 150 years ago ', but unfortunately is still present yesterday was .... not consumed the defeat of Berlusconi's government, with a majority, on balance of 50.07%, now, I do not want to dwell on the result itself, as he personally hoped for a heavy to distrust, to be honest me expected, I expected because Italian politics is made by people who would be better off in some television program De Filippi, or some type reality show Big Brother.
I followed all the live yesterday, and what I saw was a lot of people arguing, to the choirs, insult, waving flags and even take a punch, the same thing that happens every Sunday at the stadium, the same thing from these people will always be justly condemned, I saw our parliamentarians, paid fine money, take the form of a flock of sheep in disarray, I've seen people severely abused and scorned for having expressed their vote, I saw the League to criticize those who used strong tones, their own! Those of the middle finger always raised by Bossi, who does not curse at least once if you do not understand that the speech is over. I saw Berlusconi and opposition worried more worried about him, saying things I saw Di Pietro right with the wrong tone, as usual, I saw Berlusconi refused to listen, I've seen the likes of Casini and Mouthpiece suddenly become bastions dell'antiberlusconismo until recently when 'the people in defending the very same issues, I Fini saw one of the few people made in the middle of that mess, I saw a few people set among a mass of sheep dumb, blinded by money and power, attached to his chair as the mussels Torque tube loose from a climate in which they themselves have caused I saw this and I barely kept retching.
Italian politics, as it stands now is nothing but a loss to Italy. The right and the left does not nothing to do with the ideologies are gone, there are only a few hundred people who had long passed retirement age who refuse to retire and you play cards in the future of 60 million people. Everyone has his faults, such as opposition to the government, but I'm tired of having to vote for the lesser evil! I'm sick of seeing the most absurd contradictions, I'm sick of seeing as troglodytes Calderoli or Brunetta or do other competition to see who shoots the biggest crap, I'm tired of seeing politicians and journalists to defend part of the political sword on duty just because " is part of the party, "I'm tired of seeing entrepreneurs who take to politics, I'd like to see someone Policy the desire to do for the country and not to make money, I'm sick of seeing whores in parliament to talk about equal opportunity, I'm tired of seeing an opposition that instead of proposing an alternative is lost in the nuances and gossip, I'm tired of hear every day that some politician is placed under investigation for any offense, I'm tired of seeing politicians scream, I'm sick of feeling that is always the fault of someone else, I'm tired of seeing people with money in his underwear to talk about who struggles to get to the end of the month, I'm sick of feeling that whatever happens is the fault of the crisis, I'm sick of seeing that our ruling class if they fuck any problem that does not touch them in your wallet, I'm tired of seeing Mafiosi, corrupt, convicted tax evaders and criminals to sit at various Deputies, I'm sick of seeing that thousands of people who protest and demonstrate on the streets are systematically ignored, I'm sick of seeing a government that was the same for 8 the last 10 years and continues to give all the blame to the left, a government that in 2 ½ years has blocked the Italian economy and politics to worry about saving your ass to Berlusconi, the opposition are tired worst in history, are sick of everything right except make work right, I'm tired of a left which Berlinguer would be ashamed, I'm sick of all this mass of people who centrodestracentrosinistracentrocentrosopraesotto would sell his own mother in exchange for a seat in parliament, who preaches good and evil scratching, because they feel their speeches are all right, everybody! From first to last, they all say the same things the same things, too bad then what they say or promise on time do not. The league is a life that says "federalism now, but still no sign of federalism, Berlusconi spoke of the" contract with Italians "but has yet to make a cock, and to us who we pay the penalty for a contract is not respected ? The left attacks Berlusconi because he is not right that owns three television stations and half of the national press but a law against conflict of interest did not made, the only thing they should do with the narrow majority that Prodi had won, too bad that the interests not only gave them to Silvio, we have them a bit 'all, so why every time they say they do things for the good of the country? Where are the ideas and the sense of responsibility? How did we get to the point where the only politicians who seem consistent with themselves and their ideas are of stone and panel?
I hate more than the right, which by definition and history is one that demands strict compliance with the law, is led by a law that cares! I can not stand more than the left, which historically meant that "unity is strength" is divided over bullshit! I can not stand that the government talks of meritocracy and then the members of the PDL are almost all political novices who are there because friends and / or lovers and / or hygienists and / or massage and / or cousins \u200b\u200bof a relative of a friend of a Silvio's friend! I'm sick of Bossi, who until a few years ago 'wanted to secede and "throw the flag in the toilet", and is now the minister, with much of the oath of allegiance to the state and the Italian flag! I'm sick of that right is in favor of the Christian roots of Italy and in defense of family values \u200b\u200bwhen they are all unmarried or divorced or whoremongers! I can not stand more than in Italy or six red and six black, I can not stand is that if Berlusconi fucked up and say that he fucked up are a communist, and if Bersani is a bullshit and I say that's fucked up is a fascist! I have left, but I have the sacrosanct right to be happy if the right is the right thing. I have a right and duty to have my own idea to think with my head and express my opinion, and so should those who represent us, everyone should vote with his head, and not to "follow the line of party, "the party line shit! If my party is proposing a law and I do not agree with voting against, and not only have the right to do so, it is my duty to do so, I have a duty to participate actively in political life, and not just sit there in a chair obey the leader because so give me a lot of money!
Italy is more and more in our politicians and the shit do they do? We argue a piece of bread, they insult each other, they go all the talk shows of this world to talk to him and complain. The whole world is facing the crisis and Berlusconi boasts of having maintained the balances of the accounts was a shame that it had cut supplies to the school, culture, art, research, new technology and everything with which you might look to the future. All pro-Berlusconi to applaud, not thinking that Italy has stopped investing, and who does not invest not earn, and you do not earn close businesses and leave on foot the employees, employees without a job lose purchasing power, in the long run the market crashes, so why instead of making the amnesty does not claim all the money to those who have escaped? Why do we always talk about the cost of politics and when two weeks ago 'the IDV has proposed the abolition of annuities by thousands and thousands of euro that are given to all MPs who voted against?
Why the decision, the choice of whether or not it is right that the government is moving forward after these 2 and a half years, it is up to them? Why do not all Italians? Given that "the majority of Italians are with the government," why do not you ask them? It 'was announced the government crisis? Well, then organizing a referendum, a nice little question to all Italian, you want the government to go on? Yes / No. This is democracy! This means "government of the people"! So governments will in future not be able to get their cabbages, because the people who elected them should have the power to knock them down, otherwise let's call for more democracy, not because it is not. Why fill your mouth so much to talk about democracy? Democracy is more democracy is to have a ruling class that represents all of Italy, from the poorest to the richest, from north to south, the employer by the worker, democracy means that politicians must have the good sense to admit when they are wrong, democracy means "let us stop to ask us Who is to blame and solve the situation with "democracy means that laws are made for the country, and not one person, democracy means that if thousands of demonstrators take to the streets should listen to their reasons, would want democracy say all these things in Italy, but this mean it takes serious political, with a minimum of the brain, a minimum of dignity, a little common sense and the balls to do what needs to be done, democracy, first of all, it means honesty, and I think in parliament are few who can say ....
Pourquoi des études entreprendre en Philosophie et Lettres Faculté de?
Because we are interested in culture and communication.
Beyond the challenges that contemporary society offers us in technology, health or structuring economic issues of communication and knowledge of cultures remain essential . We know their role in the evolution of politics, economics, education. Do not not underestimate the impact on medical or social progress. Our companies will increasingly need communication specialists, whose specific skills are increasingly varied. This is the challenge that we strive to prepare.
Communicate certainly requires precise knowledge of its own language and foreign languages \u200b\u200ball as mastery of certain technologies. But beyond that, there is good communication qu'adossée a good understanding of his interlocutors. In this sense, the philosopher or historian make a essential contribution to the communication process. The history of art, which focuses on forms nonverbal expression, is also involved in our perception of what makes the accuracy, effectiveness,
but also the complexity of this " mechanism "most companies about communication between individuals and between groups.
The subjects taught in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters are for the most part, disciplines that have a long scientific tradition, but which remain today still particularly effective in the answers they provide the essential questions of our societies: ABOUTPHEERIC ? how to learn? how to communicate? how to deal with complex situations? These questions stem from the need to understand the other, to communicate with him and emergence of new patterns of thought or society. Analysis of companies and productions human other times or other areas that led us to the enrichment of views on the contemporary world and its challenges. From teaching to practice journalism, translation analysis of discourse, from diplomacy to political mobilization, ie inquire, analyze and communicate
are at once the first skills necessity and the result of a training demanding. This is the objective of studies in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters. You will gain not only technical mastery of a particular discipline, but also - and perhaps above all - a solid education, which remains the best guarantees a rewarding profession and a ability to adapt to our changing society. Occupations which give you access degree are many and varied. They range from teaching to research, through management of human resources, journalism, political and administrative functions or trades communication in their greater diversity, to name only the major areas professionals. better, your training will allow you to change profession, to evolve according to your desires and career opportunities you encounter. Your ability to gather information, deal with rigor, to critically analyze, to synthesize the essential and communicating with shades be a tremendous asset, which will be further enhanced by your knowledge several languages \u200b\u200bto various levels.
Didier Viviers
Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters - Free University of Brussels
Here I am finally really begin to be popular this blog,
The argument that I want to address today is one of those topics that are discussed from time immemorial and for which will continue to discuss my opinion forever.
Saviano's monologue to "Come away with me" and the tragic news of the death of Maestro Mario Monicelli has reignited the controversy over euthanasia (unfortunately the wrong way, since the day of remembrance of our Master MPs have shown the usual clowns arguing like kindergarten children).
The question is always the same, it is right that a person has the right to decide to end their lives? It 'obvious that if the answer was easy would not have centuries of controversies behind him, and because this blog is intended to give space to the argument, I try to articulate my own, and wait to read yours ....
I think every man should have the right to determine one's life to the fullest until the end, and this includes death, not because life is important and should not be respected, but for its' opposite, because everybody should respect life, but above all their others. To me the point is that, quoting a good movie as Radiofreccia, "I think it is fair to judge the lives of others, however, because you can not know its a shit of life of others." I think anyone can fully understand what may be the reasons why a person arrives at a death wish. To understand them we should have lived the same life, and I think, beyond any political manipulation, or religious journalism being done about this, everyone in the place, maybe not Monicelli, but certainly a number of Piergiorgio Welby, Eluana etc.., wish for death in the same way, not to despise life, but to honor her with a dignified end.
The church continues to condemn euthanasia because it is for God to decide whether to live or to kill a person, but then does not go against this commandment also keep alive a person attached to machines for years? It's not a huge leap of faith to say "Staccatemi the plug, God willing I will continue to live? And then the conversation really is not whether or not it is right to decide for euthanasia, but can reach up to where the concept of life. E 'life remain attached to a machine in terms of a vegetable? I think not, or at least not decent life, is unacceptable because you are no longer the protagonists of their own lives, but mere puppets, helpless and without any power, it is not dignified because in these conditions we can not give happiness to their families, but to a moment of hope that we know perfectly well be in vain, is unacceptable because who does not know you, who do not understand your suffering and your reasons wants decide for you, is unacceptable because you can not freely give up, is unacceptable because even in war, prisoners, before dying last wish was allowed, while in a civil society that says it does not.
deserve great respect for all those who in these conditions continue to struggle and resist, but I think we deserve the same respect those who are tired of struggling, those who for their terminal illness care in going to see peace, confident that that is the last pain caused to family and friends. And the parents deserve respect, those who believe in forever, but perhaps they deserve more than those who ask to switch off, because it takes time, courage, and before you judge you should try to even imagine the pain of a man as the father of Eluana asking to let their daughter die, I personally do not think there can be a pain in the world more terrible, and in front of a pain as this there should be no political speeches, ethical or religious reasons, there should be people for or against, but only a respectful and dignified silence.
cultural heritage and innovative aspects of Ancient Christian Literature: reasons for the autonomy of the discipline. Swimming
(fourth-century Christian sarcophagus)
Take as a starting point given the fact: the ancient Christian literature is a relatively young discipline. The first Italian chairs this matter back to the year 1949. But let's see why it is so young and because its beginnings were strongly disputed. The specificity of all literature is shown in character external, formal, ie is given by the language. We speak indeed of Italian literature, English, French, German and so on. Here, on the other hand, we have a literature that is characterized not so much the language but for its content. From Indeed, the ancient Christian literature has as its object works originally written in Greek, Latin and also in Oriental languages. This feature specifies the fine, because it represents a unicum: we speak of an ancient Christian literature, but not, for example, from a medieval Christian literature. This is because, with the spread of Christianity throughout the Middle Ages is christened, is in the East or the West: for this reason, literature, medieval Latin and Greek that are naturaliter Byzantine Christian. On the other hand, the ancient Christian literature in the nomenclature already opposed to the classical Greek and Latin literatures. Just characterized by its more on the basis of content than on language, those who objected were absolutely the autonomy of ancient Christian literature. Even at the beginning of last century U. von Wilamowitz, the princeps philologorum denied the independent existence of our discipline because it considered the prevailing language in which the Christian content was expressed: for him there is a Latin and Greek literature, no distinction between pagan and Christian content. Currently widely prevalent not only in Italy but also abroad, the concept of autonomy of the discipline, founded on the appreciation of the content at the expense of language. We wave now the other data of a general nature that interferes deeply in our argument. What is meant by literature, from what we talk about Italian literature, French, English? It's like saying: what are the texts that mean that there is an Italian literature? Today, the concept of literature is latitudinal: we can rightly say that everything you write and publish in Italian language is literature. For example, even a crime novel is considered literature. 40/50 years ago but things were quite different: to characterize a literature was not enough the fact that only exist physically a text written in a particular language, but were required to be written in a particular mode, which had "literary dignity." So, a few decades ago, nobody would dream of considering a part of English literature Aghata Christie novel. Today, as I said, things are different, but this was the case and such a widespread belief was reflected also in our specific context. commonly understand in the context of ancient Christian literature all Christian texts written between the I and VIII century. But one important German critic who was active around the middle of the nineteenth century, FJ Overbeck stated that one could only speak of Christian texts from Clement of Alexandria, ie around the end of the second century. In other words, writers such as Ignatius, Irenaeus and Justin were not worthy to be part of literature because they discerned in her works that literary dignity, that is, the refined rhetoric and stylistic development, which he and many of his day, was constitutive of a literature. I mean, this valuation took into account not only what was written but particularly the way it was written. Today, the rhetoric has been set aside for so many years, the prevailing design a much broader range of literature and it was very important for the awareness about the autonomy of ancient Christian literature as something apart, while the consideration of the contents assumed a decidedly prevailing value relates to the way in which this content was expressed. All this serves as an introduction to our particular argument, ie, "tradition and innovation." When I speak of "expressive form of a certain level" in the ancient world, I immediately refer to the rhetoric, at that distant time, unlike today, was the basic discipline of all forms of instruction. But this, on one hand the coalition Christian literature from the classical tradition, on the other side shows the state of dialectical tension connection with which it was lived. To present the argument clearly, let us consider the movements of the concept that many Christians were already in the early second century, its particular "being in the world", is in contrast with the Jews, either with the Greeks: it is more At about this time that these were characterized as an triton genos is compared to some, is the other, proudly stating its uniqueness about those who, for them, were the most important cultural entities. Born in the Jewish world, spread rapidly through the Greek world, but with characteristics that allow them to represent the consciousness of something new and is diverse in relation to the Jewish world, is the Greek world. On the other hand, they inevitably took many elements is a part, is another. Initially, under the state of things, the influx was the prevailing Jewish: in essence, Christians differ while retaining the Jews that Christ is the Messiah and that faith rescues him from sin and spiritual death, while that most of the Jews refutes this identification and its salvific meaning. However, put this fundamental difference, Christians, as Jews by birth and education, more natural way, take all that Jewish culture in the way they express themselves and also how to express what is not specific about the problem messianic. We are precisely in its infancy. But Christianity quickly expanded into the Greek world, and then Roman, the newcomers began to be so ever more prevalent, of pagan origin in relation to the original belongs to the Jewish world, and Christianity, because, after a confrontation with the Jewish world, begins its battle with the world the Greek world. Also here is characterized by content that, in relation to the pagan world, was even more radical opposition against the Jewish world. With Jews, Christians codividiram a very large tradition of religious character, which is synthesized mainly in the Old Testament. Moreover, with the pagan world, the contrast is programmatic. Christians struggle with the Jews, but the pagans are opposed to a more determined, because there can be no common ground between the Christological monotheism and polytheism with its religious tradition. On the other hand, these Christians now pass quickly from Aramaic to Greek (already the first generation but Christian missionaries spoke Greek rather than Aramaic), the "speak Greek," and then in the Latin world "speak Latin "by force of circumstance, sets a close relationship with the pagan culture, which was expressed precisely in Greek and Latin, without which in turn is set aside a previous Jewish influences. To clarify with an example the simultaneous presence of the influx of Jewish and Greek, as we emphasize two were the most important ways in which took shape exegetical literature devoted to the interpretation of Sacred Scripture, the homily and the Commentary. The homily derives from the synagogue, that is, the Jewish tradition, the commentary, in turn, the Greek scholastic tradition. Thus, one requirement for literary hermeneutic character is shaped differently according to the prevailing influence, Jewish or pagan. But for us it is fundamental: this juxtaposition, the two inflows come to penetrate themselves with one another. Origen, who performed the first comment of scholastic origin and successively the homily, structured on the basis of this comment and, in fact, merged into the exegetical homily two literary genres that were related to the origin, radically different from one another. Thus, they perceived the two inflows: the Christian culture appropriates the inflows and a part of another and not just overlap, but tends to mix them together to make something new for both sources. This dialectic of innovation and tradition is that fundamentally the relationship between content and form. He spoke shortly before the decisive influence of the rhetoric: this course, obliterated in school today, was then the basis of scholastic teaching a certain level. This means that when a Christian writes, being literate person as of right, even modest, cultural level, is expressed according to the traditional rhetoric of the modules learned in school: in fact, Christian writers of the II and III centuries, except for rare exceptions (Irenaeus, Origen), pagans are converted into adulthood and, therefore, were trained and culturally scholastic in the pagan world, studied at school pagan, based on the study, in the Eastern world, in Homer, Thucydides, Demosthenes, and the Western world in Virgil, Cicero, Sallust, Livy, the point of assimilating a more or less complete training cultural. Becoming Christians, they are conscious of being born, through baptism, to a new life outside, but especially inside, different from previous and opposed this. So now, moving from paganism to Christianity, they are aware of the requirement to escape the cultural training before, but you can not have a sudden intellectual habitus acquired through years of hard fatigue, past the elementary level, the stroke of the ferrule generously given by the master, as we are reminded Horace [1] . The contrast is felt very strongly at the theoretical level. Tertullian says: "That thing is in common between Athens and Jerusalem? And between the Portico of Solomon and the portico of Stoicism? ". The sense is of a fracture that is as radical in religious matters, because there can be no contact between the pagan Christian religion and that there should be also in literature, because there should also be contact between the pagan and Christian literary expression. The opposition theory is clear: the refutation of the pagan culture is attested to by virtually all authors of the century, with the exception of Justin and very partial, more confident, Clement of Alexandria. However, it is a theoretical position. For when, in fact, these authors put in writing their reflections, here they can not extricate themselves from what is their cultural, not even those, like Tatian and Tertullian, are more drastic in its condemnation of classical culture: learned to write in a certain way and may not start, offhand, to write another. So also, if the content is radically Again, the form continues always adhered to the classical tradition. Here we must distinguish between the eastern and western environment, as found in the Christian world of the Greek language the extension of a distinction that is evident in pagan literature. The Greeks developed, beyond a rhetorical form of high literary quality (feature, obviously, of oratory, but also of great history) is also a simpler way to express themselves, own the memoir literature, which we define as hypomnemata, a way simpler it is, for example, that of philosophical expression. The philosophers of the century III onwards have expressed with this language and literary discourse simpler, more naive purposely profile for the preparation rhetoric, which is appreciated as a great literary achievement in context, because the language is beyond that of philosophy, those disciplines that define science in broad sense. It is the language in which it is expressed naturally authors such as Justin and Irenaeus. Undoubtedly there are also ambitions to a more refined expression and certainly not lacking instances in which the author is timely raise the tone of the style as, for example, when Clement of Alexandria speaks to his Gentile readers in Protrept: but fundamentally the language of Greek writers of the late first century, around the second century until Origen himself in the third century, is the language of hypmnemata. The Latin virtually ignored this mode of expression, in favor of a literature ever more high level. A great historian, Th Mommsen said that all Latin literature is steeped in the rhetoric, made an exception only for Catullo. This view, expressed so radically, it is obviously too extreme. But you can not deny that Mommsen has taken a key feature of the mode of expression in Latin, and rightly, from their way of thinking: a rhetorical being purely a Greek in Rome was assimilated so radically as to become a true and proper way to not only express themselves but also of thinking and living, even dying as well: just mention the death of Cicero, and that of Lucan, antifrasticamente as Petronius dies according to the famous narrative of Tacitus [2] . In this regard, Mommsen saw a constitutive character of literature prosástica Latin, which ignored the mode of expression in the simplest sense is that the scientific language of the Greeks: When Seneca writes about science, his prose is rhetorically refined as well as when he writes of arguments philosophy morale. This character goes to a Christian context. Tertullian and Ciprinao, the two most important Christian writers of the Latin language of the third century always express themselves in a very refined level rhetorically. Tertullian introduced in Christian literature and very soon the treaty drawn rhetorically dedicated to a specific argument of doctrine, morals or the other (the baptism of patientia, adversus Praxean, etc..), Taking the example of Cicero (Brutus, of amicitia etc.). and Seneca (from clementia, anger); Cipriano followed his example (ad Donatum of mortalitate, zeal et livor etc.).. So, new content, expressions of a way of living and thinking very specific about that occurred in the pagan environment, are expressed in a form that is linked very closely to the classical tradition. However, the relationship between tradition and innovation, originality and adherence to classic models is not always simple features like expose to date. On one side, in fact, the influence extends beyond the classic form, the same way to prepare the content, and on the other hand, the novelty of the content also affects the shape. In part, the authors also point out that most Christians programmatically hostile to pagan culture, like Tatian and Tertullian, and develop content doctrinally significant, can not do more than enter the specifics of Christianity in a web of thought characterized by the parameters and modules development typical of Greek philosophy, especially Platonic and Stoic, which alone could enable development of sparse data reflect an incipient doctrine in a coherent and organic. Moreover, the novelty of content, in turn, requires a way of expressing that it is clear also that, in relation to new models pagans. In the period prior to Constantine's fourth century revolution, the most important example in this context is represented by Ekklesiastiké history (Which would be better translated "Church History" than "Ecclesiastical History") of Eusebius of Caesarea. Being a work of history falls to the rich historical tradition Greek (Herodotus, Thucydides, Polybius): however, in relation to these and other traditional models, the historical work of Eusebius fact represents a new and original, as the ancient world ignored the story of a religious movement. Religion, as such, could not have history, since in the ancient world that became a cult through extrinsic officer, who was repeating always the same for centuries, was characterized by immobility, for stability, so the lack of events that could be characterized as historical. The life of the Christian church, instead, was too busy to be outside (through the difficult relations with Jews and Romans) or internally (by the contrasts of doctrine and discipline of character). There was therefore subject to write a historical work. For this reason, the very fact of writing a story closely related to Eusebius Greek literary tradition, which historiography was one of the manifestations and higher, these affiliates, Eusebius, cultíssima person, was perfectly conscious. But it fits in this tradition so totally unique. Historiography was considered a literary form of a high cultural level. Ephorus and Theopompus disciples of Isocrates, had formalized this concept, under which Cicero defined the history opus maxime oratorium. At the time of Eusebius, the historiographical model of excellence, rather than historians of the Hellenistic period, was Thucydides, the greatest historian of antiquity. And then there were also attempts to mimic that style so hard and so personal. We are, however, the maximum of literary expression. However, Eusebius memoirist who preferred the way - as I waved - in the ancient world was the expressive form of the philosophical and scientific, but not of historical work. Because he did not say, but probably being the richest of his writing papers referred to in immediate mode (some books in the History of Eusebius Paracas, precisely, a collection of steps taken from earlier Christian authors and put together in a sort of glue) precisely because they understood the importance of reporting this documentation, critical to the understanding of Christianity and it is difficult to access in its original form: hence, without redesign it in order to insert it organically in their own historical discourse - as it should have done to perform a work historically high level - a preferred form of expression simpler. Eusebius, on the other hand, knows well how to express themselves in very high: when it celebrates Constantine, the level of his prose rises, and not a little. For this reason, some form of history was prepared expressly for him dear because of the extensive documentary component of his historic speech. Thus, he set a definitive way, in Christian literary environment of the Greek language, the characters of historiography, in large part because historians have mirrored later in the model Eusebian. Thus, a genre of classical literature, high-level estilisco expressively and well specified in the long tradition, passed to Christian lyrics with new features, or in relation to content, whether in relation to a form of expression. We are still in the period before the great revolution of Constantine: Eusebius is, in fact, between the time that he himself defined as "martyrs" and the great reform of Constantine. The "revolution" Constantine had profound repercussions also in our specific context, as on all others in the church life. The Christian religion is rapidly becoming a favorite of the emperor and, at the end of the century IV gets the legal prerogative of being the only officially recognized religion by the state. This new state of affairs provided, of course, not only a huge expansion over the next few decades, but also a very strong increase in weight and prestige, a presence, over the years, increasingly strong and significant in all manifestations of life characteristics of Empire. In this context, Christians realized the need to specify very effectively their presence also in terms of degree. It is then that the homily, so far characterized in relation to the form of simple and modest, has to be of great opus oratorium apparatus. If we confront the homilies of John Chrysostom with those of Origen, the difference could not be more clear and palpable. The Christian oratory becomes thus an oratory apparatus, as was that pagan. In the novelty of the content must match an elevation of a formal nature. This awareness poses a problem. One of the new forms of Christian oratory, perhaps more specifically, is the panegyric of the martyrs in the occurrence of the dies natalis. Indeed, the cult of the martyrs became the most distinctive aspect of Christian worship and apparent, and when there was a feast of the martyr, it was customary that a speaker will celebrate the deeds with a panegyric, that is, with a kind of celebratory speech and encomiastic, very traditional in the pagan world, in which it was widely used, especially as a form of public celebration, the first emperor, but also outstanding character of key administrative positions. Christians also transferred this way (this is still one more time "tradition and innovation") to his world. The content is completely new, but how long is the sacred and very traditional practice is the rhetorical arsenal of which it makes use. In this regard, note that there were people, who like Basil of Caesarea, personality also significant for the intelligence with which they perceived the relationship between Christian and pagan letters, wondered if the celebration of martyrs, which was the most authentic expression of Christian faith was compatible with the use of traditional models of pagan rhetoric, and sponsored a new rhetoric specifically Christian. While his friend Gregory Nazianzen communed not, in fact, this concern, and continued to peacefully express their refined rhetorical eloquence in the way more traditional concern of Basil was also shared with John Chrysostom that, with the other two, is the triad Christians of the great orators of the Greek language. But what we want to highlight is that this awareness was destined to remain purely theoretical, unable to translate into a real novelty and very expressive character. In fact, let Basil, Chrysostom is, when moving from theory to practice, whether in the panegyrics of the martyrs, or in the homilies continue to express themselves in traditional forms of rhetoric. The same discrepancy between theory and practice found among speakers of Latin in Augustine. You can not separate themselves from the traditional mode of expression, and the main reason for this adherence is related to scholastic education. In fact, even when Christianity becomes state religion, can not replace a school with a very traditional school. This, then it was accessible only to educated people, who were those who did literature, even when the Empire became officially Christian, still based in the east on Homer, the lyric, Pindar, Demosthenes, Thucydides, and in the Latin of Virgil , Horace, Terence, Cicero, and Salustio Livio. The Christian student who studies these authors, according to the warning of Speech to Young Basil tries to be careful not to get involved with the content of what they read, However, with such scholastic education, mode of literary expression level could not not remain the same as before. exemplifying conclude with a secondary literary genre that, to modern critics do not like because of the prevailing rhetorical dimension, but that was formerly remarkable fortune: a biblical paraphrase. Giovenco, a English priest versed in Latin metrics, writes about the year 330, the Libri Evangeliorum transferring four books in hexameter verse - the specific Greek and Latin epic poetry - the contents of the Gospels of Matthew and John Modern scholars settle Giovenco in short, considering veleidosa initiative and translate the very incongruous in hexameters traditional Virgilian and Ovidian type (besides loaded and Baroque) the contents of the Gospels, fascinating in its simplicity. And yet this piece was a very great fortune and was much imitated between the fourth and sixth century. Indeed, the simplicity of the Gospel, which modern admire so much, was far less appreciated in ancient time, precisely because the kind of scholastic education in rhetoric, typical of any educated person, one judge was simply the product of inexperience and ignorance. For this reason, the initiative to Giovenco, which reflects the content of evangelical rhetorically elaborate form, that content suited to the tastes of educated people and became more easily and enjoyably accessible. Hence the success of the initiative. This same literary genre, we now consider minor, is the one that best highlights the dialectic innovation / tradition, ie the ability to demonstrate that Christians know to enjoy a rich tradition of literary character, a type of instrumentation traditionally scholastic rhetoric, to express fundamentally new content. Manlio Simonetti Università degli Studi di Foggia, April 17, 2002. Translation: Aurelio Correia Lima / Salesian Pontifical Università - Rome [1] About the blows received from the master Orbílio, cf. Epistolae, II 1, 71 [2] Cf Annales, XVI, 19
1800 years built by Legio X is rediscovered in Jerusalem
While digging the ground where it will build a new place for bathing Jews in Jerusalem ( Israel), archaeologists found a pool that once belonged to the Roman legion. The same legions that laid siege to Jerusalem and took about 1,800 years ago.
The discovery sheds new view over the city of Aelia Capitolina, which the Romans built in Jerusalem after expelling the Jews from the region.
The director of the excavation, Ofer Sion, said the site helps to prove that Aelia Capitolina (Roman name for Jerusalem, ndb) was greater than previously thought.
Jerusalem is one of the most excavated in the world due to its rich history, and archaeologists are routinely sent to examine locations close to current construction projects.
During the inspection revealed that the pool in the old part of Jerusalem, they found steps leading down to a wing with white tiled floor and hundreds of terracotta tiles laid on the roof.
tiles were engraved with the name of Roman unity - the Tenth Legion - who built the place.
Sion think the pool was part of a much larger complex, where thousands of soldiers already bathed.
After the archaeological find, the administration said that Jerusalem will continue the construction of the bathroom where it will be Jewish mikveh, a ritual of purification according to the Jewish religion.
According to the national Israel Antiquities Authority, the remains of Roman baths will be incorporated into the current project.
The term "Fayum Portraits" means a series of 600 portraits funeral, highly realistic, carried on wooden planks that covered the countenance of some Egyptian mummies from Roman times. The name derives from the Fayum oasis, a place of origin of most of these paintings. The importance of such fugure derives not only from the strong realism, but the fact that along with the frescoes of Herculaneum and Pompeii, are among the best preserved examples of ancient painting.
Even after the Greek invasion and, in turn, Roman custom to mummify the bodies of the dead remained very popular. In particular, funeral masks, as used in the time of the pharaohs began to be held no more according to the canons Egyptians, but those Greek and Roman antiquities. The Romans had the custom of making a wax mask of his ancestors, forged after death and were kept in the homes of noble families as "family tree". Therefore, we assume that the pictures would be a synthesis of Fayum funeral customs of the Egyptians and Romans?
The dating of these paintings of Fayum funeral can be established between the late first century BC to the mid-third century AD The reasons for the disappearance of such use funeral is still unknown.
The movie below shows some examples of funeral portraits. Note that the figure most people are very young, rarely over 35 years, and many children. This would indicate a low life expectancy in those times. Scientific studies on mummies indicate a close relationship gender and age between the mummy and its representation funeral.
These paintings, in addition to realism, they also represent a strong sense of life after death, for the deceased, besides the serene appearance, are never depicted with eyes closed, but always open, open to eternity !
Greater temple of ancient Rome is reopened to the public
Temple of Venus and Rome, the largest in ancient Rome, was reopened after more than 20 years in works
The largest temple of ancient Rome was reopened to the public on Thursday after more than 20 years in the works. The announcement comes amid a political storm over the maintenance of Italian art treasures after the collapse of the House of Gladiators at Pompeii.
The Temple of Venus and Rome, built during the reign of Emperor Hadrian in the second century (121-135), lies at the heart of the Roman Forum near the Colosseum. The immense building original two entries left dozens of columns and parts of roofs ornamented with two apses.
The temple was visible to visitors of the Forum, but access was forbidden because of the works. Until the 1980s, even cars could park in front of your speakers.
"We restore to Rome one of the most important symbols of power and grandeur of the Roman Empire," he told AFP Claudia Del Monte, the architect responsible for restoration during the rededication of the temple.
The restoration work was centered mainly the paving of the temple of Rome, on improvements in vain to support the roof, blackened by pollution and cleaning a sewer nearby.
Built on the ruins of Domus Aurea - home of the Emperor Nero - this temple comprises two divisions: the temple of Venus, goddess of love and mystical ancestor of the Romans and the Temple of Roma Aeterna, the goddess of the city.
Even closed to the public, the temple has been used since Pope John Paul II for ceremonies of Good Friday.
Del Monte said that certain aspects of the restoration would have been necessary if the site had been better preserved.
"Italians should be aware of their heritage and stop abusing it," he said.
The reopening occurs at the same time that Italy's Culture Minister Sandro Bondi is being threatened by a vote of censure for his responsibility in the collapse of the House of Gladiators that took place on Saturday at the archaeological site of Pompeii, near Naples.
Bondi, an ally of Silvio Berlusconi defended himself vividly and rejected any responsibility.
source: http://noticias.terra.com.br/mundo/noticias/0,, OI4786591-EI8142 ,00-Major + temple + of + Rome + old + and + reopened + to see + + + public fotos.html
The main argument is the intersection of the facts about the inauguration of Amphitheatrum Flavium (better known as the Coliseum) by Emperor Titus and the life of the gladiators (the main characters, Priscus and Verus, are mentioned by Martial in one of his epigrams in which narrates the most memorable fight of all time: Both won!: cum duo pugnarent, victor fuit Uterqüe !!!!, exclaims Marcial)
MARTIAL, Liber de Spectaculis XXIX:
Cum traheret Priscus, traheret certamina Verus, esset et aequalis Mars utriusque diu, missio saepe uiris magno clamore petita est; sed Caesar legi paruit ipse suae; — lex erat, ad digitum posita concurrere parma: — quod licuit, lances donaque saepe dedit. Inuentus tamen est finis discriminis aequi: pugnauere pares, subcubuere pares. Misit utrique rudes et palmas Caesar utrique: hoc pretium uirtus ingeniosa tulit. Contigit hoc nullo nisi te sub principe, Caesar: cum duo pugnarent, uictor uterque fuit.
Trabalhadores amid the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii, Italy
ROME (Reuters) - "House of the Gladiators," a construction of 2000 years old ruins of ancient Pompeii, collapsed on Saturday, said Italian authorities .
They said the stone house, situated on the main street of the world famous archaeological site mean that hundreds of square meters, collapsed shortly after dawn, while the site was still closed. Guards discovered the collapse when they opened the site for visitation.
It was believed that the house was the meeting place and training of the gladiators before they went to fight in an amphitheater in the city that was destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 79.
officially known by its Latin name in "Pompeian Schola Armaturarum Juventus," the structure was not open to visitors, but could be seen from the outside, while tourists walked through the main streets of the old city.
Its walls were decorated with frescoes of military topics.
The authorities speculated that the collapse may have been caused by heavy rains that hit the region.
Historians and residents have complained for many years, the archaeological sites of Pompeii, who are among the world's most important, are in decay and in need of better maintenance.
Opposition politicians quickly criticized the government of Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, especially the culture minister, Sandro Bondi, for letting the site went into decline in recent years.
Torniamo ai Classic, will be progress! The temporary
From the eighteenth century, the study of Latin and the greek has become increasingly an exercise in self-referential. It's time to reassess the great humanistic and pedagogical potential
Luigi Miraglia
Despite some claims informed most of the empty rhetoric, the general impression that you receive today is that the ruling class, political power, who rules the economy, and often, unfortunately, even by those who should teach it and pass it on, classical culture, and humanities is looked upon with disdain, if not with contempt. What is the reason for this general devaluation? I believe that, as always happens in historical phenomena, the causes are multiple es'intreccino between them. I will try to name a few.
Since the late eighteenth century classical studies and turned increasingly to the work of Wolf and many others in so-called "science of antiquity", were gradually moved away from this reality and live, creating an unbridgeable gap between life and studies. Despite the undeniable commitment of many scholars and intellectuals of liberal arts education in moral, political, civil progress, the setting of the classical disciplines in schools, especially in universities across Europe and overseas has been transformed in an attitude of archaeological study of the past, seen as distant and separate from us, thus alleviating much, or even scoffed at as naive and amateurish, the value of ethics, civil and formation of conscience that, in comparison with the great writers, humanists had seen and cultivated. A praepostera diligent, scholarly pedantry has pervaded all the classics after a just stance on the need for a historical perspective that avoids arbitrary update. Gradually accentuated what divides us, overshadowing what unites us, hath been lost synthesis, in favor of a detailed analysis, have prevailed in a very strong historical grammar, textual criticism, the detail on the look Overall, the laboratory microscope on the wide view of who stands high on a knoll and sweeps a broader perspective. The loss of a sensus communis that has characterized this transformation has meant that anyone who was not a specialist, and who did not intend to dedicate his life the study of monuments from the museum covered in dust and mold, is no longer able to understand why all those who were destined to occupy positions of some importance in society were to study Latin, greek and ancient history, and the defenders of the disciplines Classic have not been able to do anything, then, that clinging to the defensive positions, inventing a justification, which have heralded everywhere until they lose all force of argument, the formal Bildung: "Latin and greek, it's true - they said - are dead languages, dead is the civilization that used them to express themselves, the world is dead languages \u200b\u200bto which they belonged. But we do not study them to learn to speak or to write, all in all we care too little current laws include them, what matters is that through them we will charge to school children and university students with a 'mental gymnastics', an exercise of analysis and patience has no equal in any of the other disciplines that may present itself, he will develop accuracy, diligence, fortitude in the face of obstacles, will analyze and scrupulous method and the most difficult problems, 'exercise his attention, his memory, his intellect, and any other psychic ability '(FA Wolf, Consilia scholastica). "
Until the secular prestige of the humanities has exercised its power, even instrumentally exploited by unscrupulous leaders, this incredible justification is sufficient, because Latin and greek remained to occupy a primary place in schools across Europe '. However, this gradually diminished prestige for some external causes, some internal, has run the common man began to ask what should have been asking since the beginning: they can not possibly exist other matters, the most useful In practical terms, they constitute the same "training" of logic, patience, attention and memory? They could not perform this task mathematics, formal logic, the study of a living language, like German, or, today, the computational logic? On the other hand, even if you do not have the courage to admit it, is often evident that certain systems and the setting that gives the study of classical languages \u200b\u200band civilization produces a selection on the contrary, those who do not excel, as he wrote Cicero, I am able, because of their fiery temperament and live in aspectum lucemque proferre, in medium to educate AGMEN in pulverem in clamorem in castrates what is learned in classrooms, but those who abdiderunt litteris ita ut nihil ex possint eis to communem adferre fructum: those that Petronius called doctores umbratici, hence the false impression that these disciplines are alien to real life and real, the challenges of modernity, by urgent and pressing needs of the modern world.
to these objective reasons, a drift is added, which is partly the consequence and becomes due at the same time, the modern era, which lost any vision of the world, when making something the highest end of human existence, can not help but celebrate a pragmatism meant the accumulation of sudden gains, the historicist view, which informed the Italian school in particular the influence of two great men as the Cross and the Gentile, is now losing a foot in front of a sweltering prevail shopkeeper and merchant perspective of business people stalk of each faction. The reasons why the proponents of this approach not only the school but the whole society, are hostile to the study of the classics, humanism, literature, philosophy and history are evident, and a fine portrait in the novels of Aldous Huxley and Ray Bradbury, that all young people should read to better understand what is happening today, but unfortunately the Greek and Latin languages, in particular, offer easy connections to the side, for the reasons I expressed above, which makes them very vulnerable and hardly defensible; ma anche la storia antica ha avuto i Suoi colpo mortality and her philosophy in tutt'Europa è in grave Pericolo.
